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Contents
Hydration of Fumarate to Malate
244
Dehydrogenation of Malate to Oxaloacetate
244
Stereochemical Aspects of the TCA Cycle
244
Amphibolic Aspects of the TCA Cycle
244
Regulation of the TCA Cycle
245
Energetics of the TCA Cycle
245
Supplemental Readings
and References
245
CHAPTER
14
Electron Transport and Oxidative
Phosphorylation
14.1
Mitochondrial Structure
and Properties
248
Submitochondrial Particles
251
Components of the Electron Transport Chain
251
Electron Transport Complexes
251
Complex I
251
Complex II
253
Complex III
254
Complex IV
255
Organization of the Electron Transport
Chain
256
14.2
Oxidative Phosphorylation
257
Mechanisms of Oxidative Phosphorylation
257
Uncoupling Agents of Oxidative
Phosphorylation
261
14.3
Mitochondrial Energy States
263
Energy-Linked Functions of Mitochondria Other
Than ATP Synthesis
263
Transport of Cytoplasmic NADH to
Mitochondria
264
14.4
The Mitochondrial Genome
266
Mitochondrial Biogenesis
267
Expression of mtDNA
267
14.5
Nuclear Control of Respiratory Chain
Expression
267
14.6
Mitochondrial Diseases
268
Base Substitution Mutations
268
Transfer RNA (tRNA) Mutations
269
mtDNA Deletions and Duplications
270
14.7
Other Reducing-Equivalent Transport and
Oxygen-Consuming Systems
270
Supplemental Readings
and References
274
CHAPTER
15
Carbohydrate Metabolism II:
Gluconeogenesis, Glycogen Synthesis
and Breakdown, and Alternative
Pathways
15.1
Gluconeogenesis
275
Metabolic Role
275
Gluconeogenic Pathway
276
Gluconeogenic Precursors
278
Regulation of Gluconeogenesis
279
Carboxylation of Pyruvate to
Oxaloacetate
279
Conversion of Oxaloacetate to
Phosphoenolpyruvate
280
Conversion of Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate to
Fructose-6-Phosphate
280
Conversion of Glucose-6-Phosphate
to Glucose
281
Abnormalities of Gluconeogenesis
282
15.2
Glycogen Metabolism
283
Glycogen Synthesis
283
Glycogen Breakdown
285
Regulation of Glycogen
Metabolism
286
Muscle
286
Control of Glycogen Synthase
286
Control of Glycogen Phosphorylase
288
Integrated Regulation of Muscle Glycogen
Metabolism
289
Liver
290
Control of Glycogen Synthase
290
Control of Glycogen Phosphorylase
290
